No year-old should ever possess an insecurity like this, but I didn't like the size of my lips. They were big, full, and the first thing I'd notice when I looked into the mirror. I'd never smile without my teeth because it would show their "real" size. And now that I think about the correlation between minstrel shows and big, bright lips, it's not all that shocking that to this day there are still certain lip colors I won't wear, like light pink or red, because they draw too much attention to my mouth.
I ended up going to my dad, from whom I inherited the majority of my facial features, to tell him I was embarrassed by the way I looked. It's a memory I've replayed time and time again when white woman like Angelina Jolie, Kim Kardashian, and—of course—Kylie Jenner are celebrated for features black women are chastised for. The issue has been written about by women of color ad nauseam , but now that Jenner, the woman who changed modern beauty standards because of our culture's obsession with her cosmetically enhanced lips, has announced that she's gotten rid of her injections, the topic—and frustration—is back in the spotlight.
Fans rushed to the comments to share their thoughts on her "new" look, with responses ranging from how great she looks to whether or not this means fillers are officially dead. And while it's arguably a good thing that the move may encourage more women to embrace the features they were born with, the comments—as many women of color are pointing out on Twitter—are cause for concern.
Jenner might have the choice to make her lips smaller, but women like me don't. As one user, doitfordior wrote, "Kylie Jenner removed her lip fillers and y'all are suddenly saying big lips are 'out. The year-old said he had previously struggled with technology which failed to recognise his features. The incident is similar to that shared online in April by Cat Hallam, a black woman who lives in Staffordshire.
She became frustrated after the system told her it looked like her eyes were closed and that it could not find the outline of her head. I opened my eyes wider, I closed my mouth more, I pushed my hair back and did various things, changed clothes as well — I tried an alternative camera. The education technologist added that she was irritated about having to pay extra for a photo booth image when free smartphone photos worked for other people.
Ms Hallam pressed on with one of the images and renewed her passport without further issues. In total, 32 measurements per evaluator were collected twice for the 16 profiles; thus, a total of measurements were used for reliability testing. The intra-rater reliability was calculated using the intra-class correlation coefficient. A total of 11 cephalometric measurements were selected per profile from the clinic records.
The variables used for assessing lip protrusiveness are shown in Figure 3A. Soft tissue variables included upper lip protrusion, lower lip protrusion, upper lip thickness, lower lip thickness, upper lip to E-line, lower lip to E-line, the nasolabial angle, and the mentolabial sulcus depth, while hard tissue variables included the lower incisor to mandibular plane angle IMPA , upper incisor to Nasion-A point angle U1-NA , and interincisal angle.
Differences in the perception of the African American profile between the older and younger orthodontists were assessed using t -tests and mixed-effects linear regression models. A mixed model is a statistical model containing both fixed effects and random effects. This model is useful for repeated measurements. In this model, the rating for the ith profile by the jth rater was denoted as Yij.
Each rating by the 20 orthodontists for the 16 profiles resulted in the formation of a large matrix. Linear regressing processes on scattered data points generated the following model;. To determine the morphometric features and dimensions of the most favorable lip profile for the modern African American orthodontic patient, we examined the association between profile features and ratings by plotting the mean rating for a profile against the value of the morphometric feature for that profile.
Correlation coefficients were separately calculated for each feature and for older and younger orthodontists. This mixed-effect model assumed a linear relationship between the measurements on facial features and attractiveness scores. Finally, to assess whether the relationship between feature and attractiveness varied between the two groups of orthodontists, we added an interaction term to the model as follows;.
A total of 16 male and 4 female orthodontists were recruited. The older group included only male orthodontists, while the younger group included six male orthodontists and four female orthodontists. The average number of years of experience in practice was Table 1 summarizes the intra-rater correlation coefficients at different time points, derived from the same rater for the same profile. The numbers indicate correlation coefficients calculated from a pair of values obtained on two separate occasions.
Table 2 shows comparisons of the mean and standard deviation SD values of ratings according to the experience of the evaluator and the evaluated profile. There was no significant difference in ratings between the older and younger generation. The SD between ratings based on a mixed-effects model was somewhat higher for the older generation raters compared to the younger generation. The relationships between morphometric features and ratings are summarized in Table 3. No other soft and hard tissue measurements were shown to have a significant association with perception of attractiveness.
First, variations in attractiveness ratings and morphometric features were linearly regressed. Mean differences in attractiveness ratings with regard to morphometric features between the older and younger orthodontist groups are summarized in Table 4 , which shows whether the relationship between morphometric features and attractiveness ratings varies in accordance with the generation of orthodontists on the basis of the following model;.
The interincisal angle, upper lip to E-Line, lower lip to E-line, upper lip protrusion, lower lip protrusion, and mentolabial sulcus were significantly contributory to the models as indicated by p-values. In the present study, we investigated whether contemporary perceptions on African American profiles differ between experienced orthodontists and newly trained orthodontists using profiles with various degrees.
Previous studies reported a significant disparity in opinions on facial esthetics between raters with varying ethnic backgrounds, sexual orientations, sociocultural background, and professions. Although Toureno et al. This result was confirmed by the measurement of total variations in ratings. One of the reasons why the older generation showed greater variations in perceptions compared with the younger generation is their wider age range according to our definition.
When cephalometric values were used for evaluation, the generation gap in opinions was more conspicuous. The amount of variation in the perception of attractiveness between younger and older orthodontists was similar for upper and lower lip protrusion.
This may indicate that younger orthodontists may believe that the E-line connecting the nose tip and the chin point is no longer a salient reference line. However, profiles with upper lips that fell just slightly behind the E-line were deemed most attractive. As lip position beyond the line increased, the perception of attractiveness decreased linearly. Trends or directions in opinions on attractiveness did not differ between the younger and the older orthodontists, as indicated by the mean values in Table 4.
There were differences in the magnitude of association, not the direction. We do not know if nasolabial angle measurements reflect the ongoing changes in opinions regarding attractiveness in African American faces. Nevertheless, nasolabial angle values should be evaluated in future studies. Profile 6F Figure 3B proved to be the most attractive female profile and the most attractive profile overall, with an average attractiveness rating of The most attractive male profile was 5M Figure 3B , with an average attractiveness rating of These two profiles are strongly agreed with what the results of our statistical analyses indicate.
We cannot explain this difference in ratings for female and male patients, where the average rating for the female patient is notably high. One reason could be that orthodontists are more exposed to female attractiveness than male attractiveness in social media. For group comparisons, we used mixed regression models rather than other parametric statistical methods for practicality in dealing with repeated measurements and because of the limited number of raters.
Including sufficient numbers of female evaluators with various backgrounds could yield more generalized results. Nevertheless, this mixed linear regression model fits the regression parameters for the data using the maximum likelihood approach, which allows statistical robustness. Because of ever-evolving demographics and perceptions of beauty in the United States and worldwide, orthodontists have become more conscious while determining a favorable lip profile for the African American patient.
The results of this study are significant because they indicate that the perception of attractiveness in African American faces changes amonjg orthodontists along with changes in social perception, and that relative influence of the nose and the chin to protrusiveness of the lips in African American faces appears to be reduced among younger orthodontists. The authors report no commercial, proprietary, or financial interest in the products or companies described in this article.
National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Journal List Korean J Orthod v. Korean J Orthod.
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